- An individual who is lacking in achievement motivation would exhibit _____.
A. Self-assurance
B. Pessimism
C. Pragmatism
D. Positive outlook
Solutions
Motivation has been mainly termed as a factor that drives or pushes one in a certain direction or to behave in a certain way. Motivation can be termed as a driving force or it can also be stated as a process that starts and drives various activities, whether physical or psychological.
Key Points
One of the important needs present to some degree in all human beings is the “need for achievement” or the need to attain excellence and a higher level of performance.
- An individual who is lacking in achievement motivation would exhibit Pessimism.
- They are task-oriented and prefer to work on tasks that are challenging and on which their performance can be evaluated in some way.
- This pessimistic mindset can hinder their motivation to set goals, take risks, and strive for success.
- They may be inclined to avoid challenges or give up easily when faced with obstacles.
- Their lack of belief in their own capabilities and the potential for success can greatly impact their motivation and overall achievement in various areas of life.
Thus, it is concluded that an individual who is lacking in achievement motivation would exhibit Pessimism.
2. The class teacher of Aryan frustrated by seeing the errors made by Aryan again and again during learning, What do you think about the behavior of the teacher?
A. Teacher doing good, anyone got frustrated by seeing error many times.
B.Teacher should not have to pay attention on the errors, because errors are common and ignorable.
C. Teachers behavior is not good, because errors are the steps to move forward in learning.
D. Teacher should have to give the rewards to Aryan for making less errors.
Solutions
Errors are the faults made by the student during their learning. Errors help students to find out their weak points of view regarding the problem and also make a chance to improve their learning. Errors are made because of the different thought processes of the students regarding the problem.
Key Points
Important points about errors made by students are:
- Errors analysis help teachers to understand the weak lesson of the students so that they can improve them by applying different teaching-learning methods.
- Errors remove boundaries created by the fear of failure.
- Teachers should not punish the students for making errors, they should have to correct their errors of them, and help them with the concept.
- Errors analysis helps learners to create connections between ideas and concepts.
- Teachers should not judge the quality of the knowledge by performing errors by the students.
- Errors analysis help teachers to understand the weak lesson of the students so that they can improve them by applying different teaching-learning methods.
- Errors are part of the teaching-learning process and make the thoughts of the students divergent.
So we conclude that errors are the part of teaching-learning process, that’s why the teacher’s behavior is not good because he shows his frustration.
3. Ankit, a 12 years boy, is not enrolled in a school due to some circumstances. He has requisite computational skills and intends to enrol in a school to learn. Ankit has an
A. ability to learn
B. attitude for learning
C. interest for learning
D. aptitude for learning
Solutions
Ankit, a 12 years boy, is not enrolled in school due to some circumstances. He has requisite computational skills and intends to enroll in a school to learn. Ankit has an aptitude for learning.
Key Points
- An aptitude test is designed to assess what a person is capable of doing or to predict what a person is able to learn or do given the right education and instruction.
- It represents a person’s level of competency to perform a certain type of task.
- Aptitude can be defined as someone’s natural ability to do something.
- Teaching aptitude, hence, refers to an individual’s innate ability in teaching.
- It can also be defined as the ability of a person to teach, once they are given the necessary training.
Therefore, we can conclude that Ankit, a 12 years boy, is not enrolled in a school due to some circumstances. He has requisite computational skills and intends to enroll in a school to learn. Ankit has an aptitude for learning.
4. Which one of the following statements about learning is correct?
A. Learning does not depend on learner’s previous knowledge
B. Learning is a passive receptive process.
C. Learning is equivalent to acquisition of skills
D. Learning is facilitated by social actions
Solutions
Learning is a continuous process because we learn new concepts over a period of time. It represents progressive changes in behaviour. It also involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitude.
Key Points
Characteristics of learning:
- Learning depends on the learner’s previous knowledge. Previous knowledge is the pre-existing knowledge that learners already have before meeting new information. It influences the way they interpret and organize incoming information.
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behaviour and that change is the result of interaction between individuals and knowledge. Social actions are one of the informal types of learning. It cannot be assessed in a formal way.
- Learning is equivalent to the acquisition of skills as it helps learners to develop life skills and makes them mature enough to tackle real-life problems in a more effective and sensitive way.
- Learning is an active process. Learning is an active process as it takes place in a better way when learners are actively involved in it.
- Learning is individualistic. You might have observed that in a class there are some students who learn more quickly while others learn slowly.
Hence, it could be concluded that learning is equivalent to the acquisition of skills is correct about learning.
5. The main purpose of assessment should be
A. to decide if a student should be promoted to the next class
B. to diagnose and remedy gaps in learning
C. to point out the errors of the learners
D. to measure the achievement of learners
Solutions
Assessment is always considered an integral part of the teaching-learning process. The assessment reflects how well classroom instruction has been organized by teachers and how far learners have progressed in their learning.
Key Points
- The main purpose of assessment is to help to identify gaps in student’s learning and what remedial measures should be appropriate to reduce the learning gaps of the students that are needed to be taken for continuing or improving their learning.
- It gathers data during the learning process when the class progresses through a unit of study to determine a student’s knowledge and skills, including learning gaps.
- Provide feedback about the work the students have completed using the atlas and provide ideas for adjusting, rethinking, and articulating their learning.
- It informs students about what they have done well, where they have had difficulty, and what they need to do differently to improve their work.
Hence, we can conclude that the main purpose of assessment should be to diagnose and remedy gaps in learning.
6. According to Kohlberg, a child shows respect for authority and follows the rules during…
A. Pre conventional level
B. Conventional level
C.Post conventional level
D. Inter conventional level
Solutions
Kohlberg’s Theory: Kohlberg’s theory is termed, the theory of moral development. The three stages are integrated into three levels – the pre-conventional level, the conventional level (stages 3 and 4), and the post-conventional level (stages 5 and 6) or autonomous level.
Key Points
Conventional Level – At this level maintaining the expectations of the individual, family, group, or nation is perceived as of value in its own right regardless of the immediate and obvious consequences. The following two stages constitute this level.
- Stage 3: Good boy – Nice Girl Orientation: Good behavior is that which pleases or helps others and is approved by them. Behavior at this stage is frequently judged by intentions – “he means well”, becomes important for the first time. One earns approval by being good to others.
- Stage 4: The Law and Order Orientation: There is an orientation towards authority, fixed rules, and the maintenance of social order. Right behavior consists of doing one’s duty, showing respect for established or lawful authority, and maintaining given social order for its own sake.
From the above-mentioned data, we can conclude that a child shows respect for authority and follows orders during the Law and order orientation stage of the conventional level, so the correct answer is option 2.
7. What is the most important thing a child should learn from his failures in school performance?
A. To approach challengers with multiple perspectives.
B. To change their subjects.
C. To work on time Management skills.
D. To memorize the one right way of achieving success.
Solutions
Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable aim and may be viewed as the opposite of success. There are many cognitive, physical, intellectual, emotional, and cultural causes for the failure of students.
Key Points
- When a child faces failure in school performance, it is essential for them to learn how to approach challenges from different angles and perspectives.
- This encourages critical thinking, problem-solving, and adaptability.
- It teaches them that there can be various approaches and solutions to a problem, and failure is an opportunity for growth and learning.
- It helps develop resilience and a growth mindset, where setbacks are seen as stepping stones to improvement rather than as indicators of incompetence.
Therefore, it can be concluded that to approach challenges with multiple perspectives is the most important thing a child should learn from his failures in school performance.
8. Limitation(s) of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development include(s):
i). underestimating young children’s moral reasoning abilities
ii). no limitations have been successfully identified
iii). basing his theory primarily on interviews of males as subjects
A. i, and ii
B. ii and iii
C. i and iii
D. i, ii and iii
Solutions
Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is a theory that focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning. His theory played a profound role in the development of moral psychology.
Key Points
Some of the points of criticism are:
- Moral reasoning does not confer about moral behavior. There is still a difference between knowing moral behavior and actions. Moral reasoning, therefore, may not lead to moral behavior.
- Researchers have focused that Kohlberg has overemphasized the concept of justice. Interpersonal feelings, care, and responsibility were not emphasized.
- There is a Cultural bias as some cultures emphasize personal rights and other importance of society.
- Most of his subjects were under the age of 16 and had no experience with marriage. Thus, Heinz’s dilemma may have been abstract.
- Kohlberg’s method of determining moral reasoning abilities could underestimate the moral reasoning of individuals who do not have the ability to explicitly state the knowledge that they have
- Carol Gilligan suggested that Kohlberg’s theory was gender-biased since all of the subjects in his sample were male.
Hence we can conclude that underestimating young children’s moral reasoning abilities and basing his theory primarily on interviews of males as subjects are limitations of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development.
9. Piaget’s theory of development is related to
A. physical development
B. social development
C. moral development
D. cognitive development
Solutions
According to Piaget’s theory, children actively construct their understanding of the world through their experiences and interactions with the environment.
Key Points
- Jean Piaget’s theory is related to cognitive development.
- He believed that children progress through a series of cognitive stages, each characterized by a particular way of thinking and understanding the world.
- These stages include the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.
- Piaget’s theory has been highly influential in the field of developmental psychology and has inspired much research on cognitive development in children.
Thus, it is concluded that Piaget’s theory of development is related to cognitive development.
10. _________ is used by teachers to track a child’s progress. It helps teachers to determine what a pupil is capable of achieving through the use of a mediator, allowing the teacher to assist the child in reaching that level on their own.
A. Abstract thought
B. Zone of Proximal Development
C. Inner speech
D. Scaffolding
Solutions
Lev Vygotsky was a Russian teacher who is considered a pioneer in learning in social contexts. As a psychologist, he was also the first to examine how our social interactions influence our cognitive growth.
Key Points
Zone of Proximal Development is a key feature of Vygotsky’s theory. The Zone of proximal development (ZPD ) is defined as the difference between a child’s “actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving” and the child’s “potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers”. There are two levels of attainment for the ZPD:-
- The “present level of development”- The child is capable of doing without any help from others.
- The”potential level of development” – It means what the child could potentially be capable to do with the help of other people or teachers.
Thus, it is concluded that Zone of Proximal Development approach is useful because it may be used by teachers to track a child’s progress. It helps teachers to determine what a pupil is capable of achieving through the use of a mediator, allowing the teacher to assist the child in reaching that level on their own.
Hint
- Abstract thought:- Thought is characterized by the ability to use concepts and to make and understand generalizations, such as of the properties or patterns shared by a variety of specific items or events. Abstract thought is the thought that is coherent and logical.
- Inner speech:- It is the activity of talking oneself in silence.
- Scaffolding:- Scaffolding” is a Vygotskyian term that involves giving support to the children during the learning process. It is the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth.